全红型软枣猕猴桃花器结构和开花授粉生物学特性

编辑:阅读:15522014-03-26

   齐秀娟1,2,张绍铃2,方金豹1*

  (1中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,果树生长发育与品质控制重点开放实验室 郑州 450009;2南京农业大学梨工程技术研究中心,南京 210095)

  摘要:通过田间观察和人工授粉、扫描电镜、荧光显微镜等方法,对全红型软枣猕猴桃‘天源红’花器结构、雌花开放动态及寿命、花期温度、有效授粉期、柱头可授性、有效受精期等生物学特性进行了系统研究,以探讨影响‘天源红’结实率低下的原因。结果显示:(1)‘天源红’雌花单花期为1~2 d;(2)柱头可授性在花后1~2d最强,花开后3~5d可授性逐渐降低,花后第6d散失可授性;(3)有效授粉期为开花第1d和第2d;(4)有效受精时期为授粉后5~10 h。初步推断花期、有效授粉期以及柱头可授性时间短,是‘天源红’坐果率相对较低的主要原因。

  关键词:软枣猕猴桃;花部特征;开花动态;授粉;受精

  Flower Structure and Biological Characteristics of Flowering and Pollina tion in All red Actinidia. argutar

  QI Xiu-juan1,2,ZHANG Shao-ling1,FANG Jin-bao2*

  (1Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009,China; 2 Center of Eng in eering and Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)

  Abstract:Field observation and bagging experiment、Artificial pollination、scanning electron microscopy、fluorescence microscope was conducted for the all red A. argutar‘Tian yuan hong’ in this study,the material used were collected from the resources nursery of kiwifruit,CAAS.The study discussed from Flower Structure、 floral dynami and life、bloom temperature、effective pollination period、stigma receptivity、and availability fecundation time,to explore the factors that caused its low fruit setting rate.The main results were as follows: 1) ‘Tian yuan hong’ life span of one single flower was approximately 1~2 days ;2) ‘Tian yuan hong’ receptivity is strong during 1st~2nd day and begins to decline during 3rd~5th day , and stigma completely lose its receptivity on 6th day;3) ‘Tian yuan hong’ effective pollination period was approximately 1~2 days ;4)‘Tian yuan hong’ availability fecundation time was 5~10h after pollination. Thus, flowering stage、effective pollination periodand stigma receptivity of a short time are the main factors that affect the female success of ‘Tian yuan hong’.

  Key words: Actinidia argutar;floral syndrome;floral dynami;pollination;fertilization

  猕猴桃隶属猕猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)猕猴桃属(Actinidia Lindl.),有54个种和21个变种,共约75个分类群[1],目前生产上主栽品种为美味猕猴桃(A.chinensis var.diliciosa)和中华猕猴桃(A.chinensis)[2],其果肉颜色多为绿色,少量为黄色,红色较为少见,果实口味一般是红色

  为上,黄色次之,绿色较差。‘天源红’系中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所选育的并于2008年通过审定的全红型软枣猕猴桃(A. argutar),该品种虽然品质优良,但是与其它常规栽培猕猴桃种类相比,其坐果率较低,成熟期也不一致。由于对全红型软枣猕猴桃花的结构特征和繁育特性研究不够深入,本课题组拟对全红型软枣猕猴桃的花器结构和开花授粉生物学特性进行系统研究,为更好地了解和利用该种特异类型资源提供试验依据。

  1.材料和方法

  1.1材料

  试验于2010年在中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所猕猴桃资源圃(113°71′E, 34°71′N)内进行。供试雌性品种为全红型软枣猕猴桃‘天源红’,授粉用花粉分别属于软枣猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃。供试雌株和采粉用雄株均为6年生树。土壤以砂壤土为主,中性偏碱。各个树体树势基本一致。

  1.2方法

  1.2.1雌花综合特征观察

  根据猕猴桃DUS测试指南[3]在花期对 ‘天源红’雌花进行花器官性状调查,并在扫描电镜下观察柱头表面结构,其具体方法是:在大蕾期用羊皮纸袋进行单花套袋,开花当天连同花柄摘下到室内去掉纸袋,解剖刀切取柱头,2.5%戊二醛和1%锇酸双固定,经0.1 mol×L-1磷酸缓冲液(pH7.8)冲洗、丙酮梯度脱水、醋酸异戊酯置换、临界点干燥、粘样和喷金后, 置于XL30ESEM环境扫描电镜下,观察柱头表面结构。在盛花期随机采集30朵花用游标卡尺对花冠直径、花柄长度、子房纵径和花柱长度进行测量。